Abbreviations and Terms
A: Anode
ABEL: Advanced Boolean Equation Language
AC: Alternating Current
ADC: Analog-to-Digital Converter
Admittance:
AFC: Automatic Frequency Control
AGC: Automatic Gain Control
Ah: Ampere-hours
AHDL: Altera Hardware Description Language
ALM: Adaptive Logic Module
ALU: Arithmetic Logic Unit
AM: Amplitude Modulation
Anode:
ARRL: American Radio Relay League
ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASIC: Application Specific Integrated Circuit
ASK: Amplitude Shift Key
ASPIC: Application Specific Power Integrated Circuit (Also called PASIC)
AVC: Automatic Volume Control
BCD: Binary-Coded Decimal
BCD: Bipolar, CMOS, and DMOS
BCD2: 2nd generation BCD
BCD3: 3rd generation BCD
BER: Bit Error Rate
B.E.S.T: Behaviour Extracting Synthesis Technology
BFO: Beat Frequency Oscillator
BJT: Bipolar Junction power Transistor
BKM: Best Known Method
BNC: A type of connector – Bayonet Neill–Concelman (Bayonet from “Bayonet Mount”, Neill and Concelman were it’s inventors)
BPF: Band Pass Filter
BPSK: BiPhase Shift Key
Breadboard:
B-SRAM: Block SRAM
CAN: Controller Area Network
Capacitance:
Cathode:
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access
CdS: Cadmium Sulfide
Cermet: Ceramic Metal
CFL: Compact Fluorescent Lamp
CFU: Custom Function Unit
CIC: Cascaded Integrator Comb
CLB: Configurable Logic Block
CLK: Clock
CLS: Channel-Level Serial
COP: Computer Operating Properly
CP: Constant-Potential
CPLD:
CMOS:
CSI: Current Source Inverter
CTRL: Control
DAC: DC Amplitude Control
DAC: Digital-to-Analog Converter
dB: Decibels
DC: Direct Current
DCS: Dynamic Clock Selection
DDR: Double Data Rate
DDS: Direct Digital Synthesiser (Function Generator)
DFF: D flip-flop
DMOS: Double-Diffused MOS
DPSK: Differential Phase Shift Keying
DRC: Design Rule Check
DSP: Digital Signal Processor
EDAC: Error Detection And Correction
EDIF: Electronic Digital Interchange Format
EEPROM:
EMC: Electromagnetic Compatibility
EMF: Electro-Motive Force
EMI: Electromagnetic Interference
EOD: End Of Discharge
EODV: End Of Discharge Voltage
EPROM:
ESD: Electrostatic Discharge
ESR: Equivalent Series Resistance
ETSI: European Telecommunications Standards Institute
eV: Electron-Volt (1 eV=1.6×10-19 J)
FBGA: Fine-pitch Ball Grid Array
FCC: Federal Communications Commission
FDD: Frequency Division Duplex
FDM:
FDM: Frequency-Division Multiplexing
FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access
FEC: Forward Error Correction
FFT: Fast Fourier Transform
FIFO: First In – First Out
FIR: Finite Impulse Response
Floating Pin:
FM: Frequency Modulation
Forward Current: Maximum safe current that can pass through a diode without damaging it. If
Forward Voltage: Minimum amount of voltage needed to pass current through a diode. Vf
FPGA: Field-Programmable Gate Array
FSK: Frequency Shift Keying
FSM: Finite State Machine
FTP: File Transfer Protocol
GaAs: Gallium Arsenide
Ge: Germanium
GHz: GigaHertz
GMSK: Gaussian MSK
GND: Ground
GPIB: General Purpose Interface Bus
GPIO: General Purpose Input Output
Ground:
GSM: Global System for Mobiles
GSMA: GSM Association
GSR: Global Set/Reset
GTL: Gunning Transceiver Logic
GTO: Gate Turn-Off Thyristor
GUI: Graphical User Interface
HDL: Hardware Description Language
hfe:
hFE:
HID: High Intensity Discharge (Lamp)
HSTL: High-Speed Transceiver Logic
Hz:
IC:
IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IF: Intermediate Frequency
IFF: Information, Friend or Foe
IGBT: Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
Impedance:
Inductance:
I/O: Input/Output
IOB: I/O Block
IOE: I/O Element
IP: Intellectual Property (IP Core in FPGA and ASIC)
IP: Internet Protocol
ISE: Integrated Software Environment
ISP: In-System Programming
ITU: International Telecommunication Union
JTAG: Joint Test Advisory Group
K: Cathode
kHz: KiloHertz
L: Symbol for Inductance (named after physicist Heinrich Lenz)
LAN:
LDR: Light-Dependent Resistor
LDT: Lightning Data Transport
LED: Light Emitting Diode
LF: Low Frequency
Litz Wire:
Li-Ion: Lithium-Ion (Batteries)
LNB:
LO: Local Oscillator
LSB: Least Significant Bit
LSB: Lower SideBand (related to SSB)
LTE: Long-Term Evolution
LUT: Look-Up Table
LVCMOS: Low-Voltage CMOS
LVDS: Low-Voltage Differential Signaling
LVTTL: Low-Voltage TTL
mAh: milliamperes-hours
MCT: MOS Controlled Thyristor
MHz: MegaHertz
Microcontroller:
Mil: Thousandth of an inch (Milli-Inch). For the unfamiliar, it may sound like short for mm and cause great confusion.
MIPI: Mobile Industry Peripheral Interface
MISO: Master Input Slave Output
MLM: MultiLevel Modulation
MMF: Magnetomotive Force
MOSFET: Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
MOSI: Master Output Slave Input
MOV: Metal Oxide Varistor
MPSK: M-ary Phase Shift Keying; a modulation technique in which the carrier phase is shifted to one of M phase positions, usually defined as a multiple of 360/M degrees. Each phase shift conveys log2M bits of information.
ms: Millisecond
MSB: Most Significant Bit
MSK: Minimum Shift Keying
MTBF:
MTC: Maximum Temperature Cutoff
NCD: Native Circuit Description
NCV: Non-Contact Voltage
NF: Noise Factor
NGC: Native Generic Compiler
NGD: Native Generic Database
NiCd: Nickel Cadmium (Batteries)
NiMH: Nickel Metal Hydride (Batteries)
NPN:
NPTH:
ns: Nanosecond
OOK: On/Off Keying
OQPSK: Offset QuadriPhase Shift Keying
Oscilloscope:
OTP: One-Time Programmable
PAM: Pulse Amplitude Modulation
PAR: Place And Route
PASIC: Power Application Specific Integrated Circuit (Also called ASPIC)
PCB: Printed Circuit Board
PCI: Peripheral Component Interconnect
PCM: Pulse Code Modulation
PCS: Personal Communications Services (or Systems)
PFC: Power Factor Correction
PID Controller: Proportional, Integral and Derivative Controller
Pin:
PIV: Peak Inverse Voltage
PLC: Programmable Logic Controller
PLL: Phase-Locked Loop
PM: Phase Modulation
PNP:
Pot: Potentiometer
PPM: Pulse Phase Modulation
PROM: Programmable Read Only Memory
PSK: Phase Shift Keying
PTH:
PWM: Pulse-Width Modulation
Q Factor:
QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QDR: Quad Data Rate
QoR: Quality of Results
QPR: Quadrature Partial Response
QSW: Quasi-Square-Wave
RAM: Random Access Memory
Reactance:
Resistance:
RF: Radio Frequency
RF bandwidth: The 3-dB or half-power bandwidth (two-sided)
RFI: RF Interference
RGB: Red Green Blue
RMS: Root-Mean-Square
ROM:
RSSI: Received Signal Strength Indication
RTL: Register Transfer Level
SCPI: Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments
SDR: Single Data Rate
SEPIC: Single Ended Primary Inductance Converter
SFSK: Sinusoidal FSK
SiC: Silicon Carbide
Solder:
SLA: Sealed Lead-Acid
SMD:
SMES: Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
Smith Chart:
SMPS: SwitchMode Power Supply
SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol
SNR: Signal-to-Noise Ratio
SOA: Save Operating Area
SPI: Serial Peripheral Interface
SRAM: Static Random Access Memory
SSB: Single SideBand modulation
SSB-SC: Single SideBand Supressed Carrier
Std: Standard
Stripboard:
Susceptance:
TCK: Test Clock
TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
TDD: Time Division Duplex
TDI: Test Data In
TDM: Time Division Multiplex
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access
TDO: Test Data Out
THD: Total Harmonic Distortion
Thou: Thousandth of an inch, used colloquially in machine shops and electronics labs in the UK. Doesn’t usually appear in written material. 0.001″
TMS: Test Mode Select
TQFP: Thin Quad Flat Pack
TRF: Tuned Radio Frequency
Tristate:
TRST: Test Reset
TTL: Transistor-Transistor Logic [5V or 3.3V]
UPS: Uninterruptible Power Supply
USB: Universal Serial Bus
USB: Upper SideBand (related to SSB)
V: Voltage
Vcc: Positive supply voltage of a Bipolar Junction Transistor
Vdd: Positive supply voltage of a Field Effect Transistor
Vee: Negative supply voltage of a Bipolar Junction Transistor
Vss: Negative supply voltage of a Field Effect Transistor
Note: c,d,e & s originated from Collector, Drain, Emitter and Source legs of transistors.
The double suffix indicates that the voltage is “common” rather than at a specific pin,
e.g Vcc is supply voltage to all collectors and Vee is common voltage for all emitters.
Since the introduction of ICs, Vcc and Gnd are used to designate positive and negative supply pins.
VCO: Voltage-Controlled Oscillator
VDE: Verband Deutscher Elektronotechniker (West German equivalent of FCC)
Verilog:
VFD: Vacuum Fluorescent Display
VFO: Variable Frequency Oscillator
VHDL: Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language
VHSIC:
VLF: Very Low Frequencies (3 to 30 kHz,
VLSI:
VSI: Voltage Source Inverter
XST: Xilinx Synthesis Technology
Z: Impedance (Ω)
ZSI: Impedance Source Inverfter
μs: Microsecond
Dimensions
Dimensions in electronics are a mixed bag since the original standards were set in the imperial units and later on metric units have also been implemented, but some measurements were so widespread that they are still kept the same. For example, the distance between breadboard holes is 0.1″, which is same for a large number electronic components as well. In the metric system it becomes 2.54mm.
Common Calculations / Formulas
Resistor Value for LED
Vf = Forward Voltage
If = Forward Current
Vs = Supply Voltage
R = Required Resistance
R = (Vs – Vf)/If
Example:
Vf = 2.1V
If = 30mA = 30/1000A = 0.03A
Vs = 3.3V
R = (3.3 – 2.1) / 0.03 = 40Ω
Components
Antenna
Audio Transformer
Breadboard
Breadboard Power Supply
Button
Capacitor
Crystal Oscillator
Daughterboard
Diode
ePaper
FPGA
Gyroscope
Hall Effect Sensor
Humidity Sensor
IC
Inductor
Infrared Diode
Joystick
Key
Laser Diode
LCD
LDR
Microcontroller
Microphone
Module
Motherboard
Nixie Tube
OLED Display
PCB
Peltier Cell
Photoresistor
Potentiometer
Project Box
Real Time Clock
Reed Switch
Relay
Resistor
RFID Chip/Card/Tag
RFID Reader
RGB LED
Rotary Encoder
RTC
Servo Motor
Speaker
Stepper Motor
Switch
Temperature Sensor
Transformer
Transistor
Ultrasound Module
Vacuum Fluorescent Display
Vacuum Tube
VFD
Zener Diode
Tools
Bench Power Supply
Crocodile Clip
Function Generator
Handheld Oscilloscope
IC Extractor
IC Straightener
LED Tester
Logic Analyser
Multi-Function Tester
Multimeter
Multimeter Probe
Oscilloscope
Oscilloscope Probe
Programmer
Soldering Iron
Solder Sucker
Tweezers
Vector Network Analyser
Wire Cutter
Wire Stripper
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